Building a secure future with quantum encryption and scalable quantum networks

Quantum technology holds the promise of unprecedented advancements that could redefine humanity’s progress.   

At Outshift by Cisco and Cisco Research, we are focused on cutting-edge quantum networking solutions. Our Quantum Insights video series explores the challenges and opportunities of scaling quantum computing. 

Over the next five to 10 years, we anticipate major advancements in the development of quantum computers that will impact global industries. From faster breakthroughs in pharmaceutical drug research, to enabling precise weather forecasting, to strides in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Realizing these benefits hinges on scalability—building systems capable of running large-scale computations. 

The role of qubits in quantum systems  

A qubit is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing. It operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics to exist simultaneously in multiple states, enabling vastly more complex computation than traditional bits. In order for scaling to become a reality, quantum computing requires many high-quality qubits that remain stable over longer periods of time.  

Key challenges include: 

• Stability and longevity: Current qubits function for mere milliseconds. To support large-scale applications, this needs to extend to seconds or even minutes.  
• Quantum error correction: Creating a single logical qubit often requires encoding data onto hundreds or thousands of physical qubits. Stable and accurate computations demand high-quality error correction mechanisms.  

Our vision for scaling quantum computing involves connecting many quantum chips—each hosting tens of logical qubits—through a quantum network interconnect. This interconnected approach will allow millions of physical qubits to collectively solve complex problems that are beyond the reach of standalone systems. 

Using quantum networks to scale quantum computing   

Quantum computers, as powerful as they are, face hardware limits that hinder their scalability. Breaking these barriers demands collaboration between multiple systems, a feat that can only be achieved with the help of quantum networking. This development would transform quantum computing into an accessible, shared resource.  

Much like the internet gave classical computers a broader scope of applications, quantum networks will amplify the potential of quantum systems. By connecting otherwise standalone quantum computers into a distributed network, it will help overcome the constraints of isolated systems and create a foundation for scalability. Our solution includes: 

1. Quantum networking technology: Building advanced quantum switches and networking protocols to enable efficient interconnectivity between quantum computers. This involves creating infrastructure capable of handling the demands of quantum communications.
2. Optimized data center design: Reshaping data center architectures to support the unique requirements of quantum systems, ensuring flexibility and high performance over both short and long distances. For example, we envision two types of quantum communications within the data center network. For short distances, such as within a single rack, communications occur at the native frequency of qubits. In contrast, for long distances like networking between racks, communications run at the telecom frequency range. A dual-frequency approach allows for efficiency across different distances.
3. Orchestrators for distributed computing: Developing tools that optimize resources across interconnected quantum systems, to ensure maximum efficiency and scalability.

Securing the future with quantum encryption  

With the ability to break widely used encryption protocols like Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and Diffie-Hellman, the rise of quantum computing means we must rethink data security. This isn’t just about protecting information; it’s about safeguarding trust in a world where digital infrastructure supports governments, enterprises, and individuals alike.    

Traditional point-to-point quantum systems have already demonstrated the capability to provide secure communication through Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). QKD, rooted in the principles of quantum mechanics, offers security by detecting any interference during key exchanges. However, their scalability remains a challenge.   

At Cisco Research, we are developing scalable quantum networks to support these advanced security measures. Our approach is not limited to point-to-point connections to build general-purpose quantum networks that support multiple applications simultaneously. These networks will facilitate advanced QKD, power distributed quantum computing, expand secure communications capabilities, and offer a framework for next-gen applications.  

Advances in quantum encryption  

Beyond QKD, we are advancing technologies that strengthen encryption and lay a secure foundation for the next wave in computing.   

1. Post-quantum cryptography   

Post-quantum cryptography involves creating new cryptographic algorithms resistant to quantum attacks. These innovative algorithms will strengthen our networks, ensuring resilience even as quantum computing technologies evolve rapidly.   

2. Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG)   

Encryption is only as strong as the randomness of its cryptographic keys. Traditional pseudo-random number generators often fall short, introducing patterns that attackers could exploit. Quantum Random Number Generators, a technology that uses quantum mechanics to produce truly random numbers, addresses this issue. This breakthrough ensures encryption keys are entirely unpredictable, adding an extra layer of security for highly sensitive data. See our white paper for a detailed design of Cisco’s Quantum Number Generator based on quantum vacuum noise.   

3. Enhanced key distribution   

By merging the benefits of QKD with other advanced distribution methods, Cisco is working to deliver solutions that are not only robust but also practical for enterprise-scale deployment. This will help mitigate risks from interception attempts and keep critical communication secure.  

Why the future of quantum computing depends on collaboration and scalability  

Building a handful of powerful quantum machines won’t be what moves the needle. To see the true potential of quantum computers, these systems need to connect. It’s only when they become scalable and accessible that the wide range of applications will allow everyone an opportunity to reap the benefits of this technology.  

This vision isn’t one we can achieve alone. Collaboration across industry, academia, and government is essential to advance these critical technologies. Our team partners with leading academic researchers and organizations globally to explore emerging breakthroughs and shape the future of secure communication.   

Every layer of our work, from scalable quantum networks to the innovative use of quantum mechanics in encryption, is guided by a mission to enable a secure and connected world. The future of quantum computing isn’t just near—it’s now.

Interested in learning more about Cisco Quantum Research Labs? Subscribe to the Outshift YouTube channel to hear directly from our researchers about the advancements they’re making in quantum computing in our Quantum Insights series.